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╘╚┼ ╒╬┴┬╧═┬┼╥'╙ ═┴╬╔╞┼╙╘╧ --
"╔NDUSTRIAL ╙OCIETY & ╔TS ╞UTURE".

[╨ART ╙IX OF ╙EVEN,
╨ARAGRAPHS 196-232]

196. ╥EVOLUTIONARIES MIGHT CONSIDER FAVORING MEASURES THAT TEND TO BIND THE
WORLD ECONOMY INTO A UNIFIED WHOLE. ╞REE TRADE AGREEMENTS LIKE ╬┴╞╘┴ AND
╟┴╘╘ ARE PROBABLY HARMFUL TO THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE SHORT RUN, BUT IN THE
LONG RUN THEY MAY PERHAPS BE ADVANTAGEOUS BECAUSE THEY FOSTER ECONOMIC
INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN NATIONS. ╔T WILL BE EASIER TO DESTROY THE
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM ON A WORLDWIDE BASIS IF HE WORLD ECONOMY IS SO UNIFIED
THAT ITS BREAKDOWN IN ANY ON MAJOR NATION WILL LEAD TO ITS BREAKDOWN IN
ALL INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS.

197. ╙OME PEOPLE TAKE THE LINE THAT MODERN MAN HAS TOO MUCH POWER, TOO MUCH
CONTROL OVER NATURE; THEY ARGUE FOR A MORE PASSIVE ATTITUDE ON THE PART OF
THE HUMAN RACE. ┴T BEST THESE PEOPLE ARE EXPRESSING THEMSELVES UNCLEARLY,
BECAUSE THEY FAIL TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN POWER FOR ╠┴╥╟┼ ╧╥╟┴╬╔┌┴╘╔╧╬╙ AND
POWER FOR ╔╬─╔╓╔─╒┴╠╙ AND ╙═┴╠╠ ╟╥╧╒╨╙. ╔T IS A MISTAKE TO ARGUE FOR
POWERLESSNESS AND PASSIVITY, BECAUSE PEOPLE ╬┼┼─ POWER. ═ODERN MAN AS A
COLLECTIVE ENTITY -- THAT IS, THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM -- HAS IMMENSE POWER
OVER NATURE, AND WE (THE ╞├) REGARD THIS AS EVIL. ┬UT MODERN ╔╬─╔╓╔─╒┴╠╙
AND ╙═┴╠╠ ╟╥╧╒╨╙ ╧╞ ╔╬─╔╓╔─╒┴╠╙ HAVE FAR LESS POWER THAN PRIMITIVE MAN EVER
DID. ╟ENERALLY SPEAKING, THE VAST POWER OF "MODERN MAN" OVER NATURE IS
EXERCISED NOT BY INDIVIDUALS OR SMALL GROUPS BUT BY LARGE ORGANIZATIONS.
╘O THE EXTENT THAT THE AVERAGE MODERN ╔╬─╔╓╔─╒┴╠ CAN WIELD THE POWER OF
TECHNOLOGY, HE IS PERMITTED TO DO SO ONLY WITHIN NARROW LIMITS AND ONLY
UNDER THE SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OF THE SYSTEM. (┘OU NEED A LICENSE FOR
EVERYTHING AND WITH THE LICENSE COME RULES AND REGULATIONS). ╘HE INDIVIDUAL
HAS ONLY THOSE TECHNOLOGICAL POWERS WITH WHICH THE SYSTEM CHOOSES TO PROVIDE
HIM. ╚IS ╨┼╥╙╧╬┴╠ POWER OVER NATURE IS SLIGHT.

198. ╨RIMITIVE ╔╬─╔╓╔─╒┴╠╙ AND ╙═┴╠╠ ╟╥╧╒╨╙ ACTUALLY HAD CONSIDERABLE
POWER OVER NATURE; OR MAYBE IT WOULD BE BETTER TO SAY POWER ╫╔╘╚╔╬ NATURE.
╫HEN PRIMITIVE MAN NEEDED FOOD HE KNEW HOW TO FIND AND PREPARE EDIBLE
ROOTS, HOW TO TRACK GAME AND TAKE IT WITH HOMEMADE WEAPONS. ╚E KNEW HOW TO
PROTECT HIMSELF FROM HEAT, COLD, RAIN, DANGEROUS ANIMALS, ETC. ┬UT PRIMITIVE
MAN DID RELATIVELY LITTLE DAMAGE TO NATURE BECAUSE THE ├╧╠╠┼├╘╔╓┼ POWER OF
PRIMITIVE SOCIETY WAS NEGLIGIBLE COMPARED TO THE ├╧╠╠┼├╘╔╓┼ POWER OF
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY.

199. ╔NSTEAD OF ARGUING FOR POWERLESSNESS AND PASSIVITY, ONE SHOULD ARGUE
THAT THE POWER OF THE ╔╬─╒╙╘╥╔┴╠ ╙┘╙╘┼═ SHOULD BE BROKEN, AND THAT THIS
WILL GREATLY ╔╬├╥┼┴╙┼ THE POWER AND FREEDOM OF ╔╬─╔╓╔─╒┴╠╙ AND ╙═┴╠╠
╟╥╧╒╨╙.

200. ╒NTIL THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY WRECKED, THE
DESTRUCTION OF THAT SYSTEM MUST BE THE REVOLUTIONARIES' ╧╬╠┘ GOAL. ╧THER
GOALS WOULD DISTRACT ATTENTION AND ENERGY FROM THE MAIN GOAL. ═ORE
IMPORTANTLY, IF THE REVOLUTIONARIES PERMIT THEMSELVES TO HAVE ANY OTHER
GOAL THAN THE DESTRUCTION OF TECHNOLOGY, THEY WILL BE TEMPTED TO USE
TECHNOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR REACHING THAT OTHER GOAL. ╔F THEY GIVE IN TO THAT
TEMPTATION, THEY WILL FALL RIGHT BACK INTO THE TECHNOLOGICAL TRAP, BECAUSE
MODERN TECHNOLOGY IS A UNIFIED, TIGHTLY ORGANIZED SYSTEM, SO THAT, IN ORDER
TO RETAIN ╙╧═┼ TECHNOLOGY, ONE FINDS ONESELF OBLIGED TO RETAIN ═╧╙╘
TECHNOLOGY, HENCE ONE ENDS UP SACRIFICING ONLY TOKEN AMOUNTS OF
TECHNOLOGY.

201. ╙UPPOSE FOR EXAMPLE THAT THE REVOLUTIONARIES TOOK "SOCIAL JUSTICE"
AS A GOAL. ╚UMAN NATURE BEING WHAT IT IS, SOCIAL JUSTICE WOULD NOT COME
ABOUT SPONTANEOUSLY; IT WOULD HAVE TO BE ENFORCED. ╔N ORDER TO ENFORCE
IT THE REVOLUTIONARIES WOULD HAVE TO RETAIN CENTRAL ORGANIZATION AND
CONTROL. ╞OR THAT THEY WOULD NEED RAPID LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORTATION AND
COMMUNICATION, AND THEREFORE ALL THE TECHNOLOGY NEEDED TO SUPPORT THE
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. ╘O FEED AND CLOTHE POOR PEOPLE
THEY WOULD HAVE TO USE AGRICULTURAL AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY. ┴ND SO
FORTH. ╙O THAT THE ATTEMPT TO INSURE SOCIAL JUSTICE WOULD FORCE THEM TO
RETAIN MOST PARTS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM. ╬OT THAT WE HAVE ANYTHING
AGAINST SOCIAL JUSTICE, BUT IT MUST NOT BE ALLOWED TO INTERFERE WITH THE
EFFORT TO GET RID OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM.

202. ╔T WOULD BE HOPELESS FOR REVOLUTIONARIES TO TRY TO ATTACK THE SYSTEM
WITHOUT USING ╙╧═┼ MODERN TECHNOLOGY. ╔F NOTHING ELSE THEY MUST USE THE
COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA TO SPREAD THEIR MESSAGE. ┬UT THEY SHOULD USE MODERN
TECHNOLOGY FOR ONLY ╧╬┼ PURPOSE: TO ATTACK THE TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM.

203. ╔MAGINE AN ALCOHOLIC SITTING WITH A BARREL OF WINE IN FRONT OF HIM.
╙UPPOSE HE STARTS SAYING TO HIMSELF, "╫INE ISN'T BAD FOR YOU IF USED IN
MODERATION. ╫HY, THEY SAY SMALL AMOUNTS OF WINE ARE EVEN GOOD FOR YOU!
╔T WON'T DO ME ANY HARM IF ╔ TAKE JUST ONE LITTLE DRINK..." ╫ELL YOU KNOW
WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN. ╬EVER FORGET THAT THE HUMAN RACE WITH TECHNOLOGY
IS JUST LIKE AN ALCOHOLIC WITH A BARREL OF WINE.

204. ╥EVOLUTIONARIES SHOULD HAVE AS MANY CHILDREN AS THEY CAN. ╘HERE IS
STRONG SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE THAT SOCIAL ATTITUDES ARE TO A SIGNIFICANT
EXTENT INHERITED. ╬O ONE SUGGESTS THAT A SOCIAL ATTITUDE IS A DIRECT
OUTCOME OF A PERSON'S GENETIC CONSTITUTION, BUT IT APPEARS THAT
PERSONALITY TRAITS TEND, WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF OUR SOCIETY, TO MAKE
A PERSON MORE LIKELY TO HOLD THIS OR THAT SOCIAL ATTITUDE. ╧BJECTIONS
TO THESE FINDINGS HAVE BEEN RAISED, BUT OBJECTIONS ARE FEEBLE AND SEEM
TO BE IDEOLOGICALLY MOTIVATED. ╔N ANY EVENT, NO ONE DENIES THAT CHILDREN
TEND ON THE AVERAGE TO HOLD SOCIAL ATTITUDES SIMILAR TO THOSE OF THEIR
PARENTS. ╞ROM OUR POINT OF VIEW IT DOESN'T MATTER ALL THAT MUCH WHETHER
THE ATTITUDES ARE PASSED ON GENETICALLY OR THROUGH CHILDHOOD TRAINING.
╔N EITHER CASE THEY ┴╥┼ PASSED ON.

205. ╘HE TROUBLE IS THAT MANY OF THE PEOPLE WHO ARE INCLINED TO REBEL
AGAINST THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM ARE ALSO CONCERNED ABOUT THE POPULATION
PROBLEMS, HENCE THEY ARE APT TO HAVE FEW OR NO CHILDREN. ╔N THIS WAY THEY
MAY BE HANDING THE WORLD OVER TO THE SORT OF PEOPLE WHO SUPPORT OR AT
LEAST ACCEPT THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM. ╘O INSURE THE STRENGTH OF THE NEXT
GENERATION OF REVOLUTIONARIES THE PRESENT GENERATION MUST REPRODUCE ITSELF
ABUNDANTLY. ╔N DOING SO THEY WILL BE WORSENING THE POPULATION PROBLEM ONLY
SLIGHTLY. ┴ND THE MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEM IS TO GET RID OF THE INDUSTRIAL
SYSTEM, BECAUSE ONCE THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM IS GONE THE WORLD'S POPULATION
NECESSARILY WILL DECREASE (SEE PARAGRAPH 167); WHEREAS, IF THE INDUSTRIAL
SYSTEM SURVIVES, IT WILL CONTINUE DEVELOPING NEW TECHNIQUES OF FOOD
PRODUCTION THAT MAY ENABLE THE WORLD'S POPULATION TO KEEP INCREASING
ALMOST INDEFINITELY.

206. ╫ITH REGARD TO REVOLUTIONARY STRATEGY, THE ONLY POINTS ON WHICH WE
ABSOLUTELY INSIST ARE THAT THE SINGLE OVERRIDING GOAL MUST BE THE
ELIMINATION OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY, AND THAT NO OTHER GOAL CAN BE ALLOWED
TO COMPETE WITH THIS ONE. ╞OR THE REST, REVOLUTIONARIES SHOULD TAKE AN
EMPIRICAL APPROACH. ╔F EXPERIENCE INDICATES THAT SOME OF THE
RECOMMENDATIONS MADE IN THE FOREGOING PARAGRAPHS ARE NOT GOING TO GIVE
GOOD RESULTS, THEN THOSE RECOMMENDATIONS SHOULD BE DISCARDED.


╙ECTION 25: ╘╫╧ ╦╔╬─╙ ╧╞ ╘┼├╚╬╧╠╧╟┘

207. ┴N ARGUMENT LIKELY TO BE RAISED AGAINST OUR PROPOSED REVOLUTION IS
THAT IT IS BOUND TO FAIL, BECAUSE (IT IS CLAIMED) THROUGHOUT HISTORY
TECHNOLOGY HAS ALWAYS PROGRESSED, NEVER REGRESSED, HENCE TECHNOLOGICAL
REGRESSION IS IMPOSSIBLE. ┬UT THIS CLAIM IS FALSE.

208. ╫E DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TWO KINDS OF TECHNOLOGY, WHICH WE WILL CALL
SMALL-SCALE TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION-DEPENDENT TECHNOLOGY. ╙MALL-SCALE
TECHNOLOGY IS TECHNOLOGY THAT CAN BE USED BY SMALL-SCALE COMMUNITIES
WITHOUT OUTSIDE ASSISTANCE. ╧RGANIZATION-DEPENDENT TECHNOLOGY IS TECHNOLOGY
THAT DEPENDS ON LARGE-SCALE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. ╫E ARE AWARE OF NO
SIGNIFICANT CASES OF REGRESSION IN SMALL-SCALE TECHNOLOGY. ┬UT
ORGANIZATION-DEPENDENT TECHNOLOGY ─╧┼╙ REGRESS WHEN THE SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION ON WHICH IT DEPENDS BREAKS DOWN. ┼XAMPLE: ╫HEN THE ╥OMAN
┼MPIRE FELL APART THE ╥OMANS' SMALL-SCALE TECHNOLOGY SURVIVED BECAUSE ANY
CLEVER VILLAGE CRAFTSMAN COULD BUILD, FOR INSTANCE, A WATER WHEEL, ANY
SKILLED SMITH COULD MAKE STEEL BY ╥OMAN METHODS, AND SO FORTH. ┬UT THE
╥OMANS' ORGANIZATION-DEPENDENT TECHNOLOGY ─╔─ REGRESS. ╘HEIR AQUEDUCTS
FELL INTO DISREPAIR AND WERE NEVER REBUILT. ╘HEIR TECHNIQUES OF ROAD
CONSTRUCTION WERE LOST. ╘HE ╥OMAN SYSTEM OF URBAN SANITATION WAS FORGOTTEN,
SO THAT UNTIL RATHER RECENT TIMES THE SANITATION OF ┼UROPEAN CITIES WAS
WORSE THAT OF ┴NCIENT ╥OME.

209. ╘HE REASON WHY TECHNOLOGY HAS SEEMED ALWAYS TO PROGRESS IS THAT, UNTIL
PERHAPS A CENTURY OR TWO BEFORE THE ╔NDUSTRIAL ╥EVOLUTION, MOST TECHNOLOGY
WAS SMALL-SCALE TECHNOLOGY. ┬UT MOST OF THE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED SINCE THE
╔NDUSTRIAL ╥EVOLUTION IS ORGANIZATION-DEPENDENT TECHNOLOGY. ╘AKE THE
REFRIGERATOR FOR EXAMPLE. ╫ITHOUT FACTORY-MADE PARTS OR THE FACILITIES OF
A POST-INDUSTRIAL MACHINE SHOP IT WOULD BE VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE FOR A
HANDFUL OF LOCAL CRAFTSMEN TO BUILD A REFRIGERATOR. ╔F BY SOME MIRACLE
THEY DID SUCCEED IN BUILDING ONE IT WOULD BE USELESS TO THEM WITHOUT A
RELIABLE SOURCE OF ELECTRIC POWER. ╙O THEY WOULD HAVE TO DAM A STREAM AND
BUILD A GENERATOR. ╟ENERATORS REQUIRE LARGE AMOUNTS OF COPPER WIRE. ╔MAGINE
TRYING TO MAKE THAT WIRE WITHOUT MODERN MACHINERY. ┴ND WHERE WOULD THEY
GET A GAS SUITABLE FOR REFRIGERATION? ╔T WOULD BE MUCH EASIER TO BUILD AN
ICEHOUSE OR PRESERVE FOOD BY DRYING OR PICKLING, AS WAS DONE BEFORE THE
INVENTION OF THE REFRIGERATOR.

210. ╙O IT IS CLEAR THAT IF THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM WERE ONCE THOROUGHLY
BROKEN DOWN, REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY WOULD QUICKLY BE LOST. ╘HE SAME IS
TRUE OF OTHER ORGANIZATION-DEPENDENT TECHNOLOGY. ┴ND ONCE THIS TECHNOLOGY
HAD BEEN LOST FOR A GENERATION OR SO IT WOULD TAKE CENTURIES TO REBUILD
IT, JUST AS IT TOOK CENTURIES TO BUILD IT THE FIRST TIME AROUND. ╙URVIVING
TECHNICAL BOOKS WOULD BE FEW AND SCATTERED. ┴N INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY, IF BUILT
FROM SCRATCH WITHOUT OUTSIDE HELP, CAN ONLY BE BUILT IN A SERIES OF STAGES:
┘OU NEED TOOLS TO MAKE TOOLS TO MAKE TOOLS TO MAKE TOOLS... ┴ LONG PROCESS
OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS IN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IS REQUIRED.
┴ND, EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF AN IDEOLOGY OPPOSED TO TECHNOLOGY, THERE IS NO
REASON TO BELIEVE THAT ANYONE WOULD BE INTERESTED IN REBUILDING INDUSTRIAL
SOCIETY. ╘HE ENTHUSIASM FOR "PROGRESS" IS A PHENOMENON PARTICULAR TO THE
MODERN FORM OF SOCIETY, AND IT SEEMS NOT TO HAVE EXISTED PRIOR TO THE 17TH
CENTURY OR THEREABOUTS.

211. ╔N THE LATE ═IDDLE ┴GES THERE WERE FOUR MAIN CIVILIZATIONS THAT WERE
ABOUT EQUALLY "ADVANCED": ┼UROPE, THE ╔SLAMIC WORLD, ╔NDIA, AND THE ╞AR
┼AST (├HINA, ╩APAN, ╦OREA). ╘HREE OF THOSE CIVILIZATIONS REMAINED MORE
OR LESS STABLE, AND ONLY ┼UROPE BECAME DYNAMIC. ╬O ONE KNOWS WHY ┼UROPE
BECAME DYNAMIC AT THAT TIME; HISTORIANS HAVE THEIR THEORIES BUT THESE ARE
ONLY SPECULATION. ┴T ANY RATE, IT IS CLEAR THAT RAPID DEVELOPMENT TOWARD A
TECHNOLOGICAL FORM OF SOCIETY OCCURS ONLY UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS. ╙O
THERE IS NO REASON TO ASSUME THAT LONG-LASTING TECHNOLOGICAL REGRESSION
CANNOT BE BROUGHT ABOUT.

212. ╫OULD SOCIETY ┼╓┼╬╘╒┴╠╠┘ DEVELOP AGAIN TOWARD AN INDUSTRIAL-TECHNOLOGICAL
FORM? ═AYBE, BUT THERE IS NO USE IN WORRYING ABOUT IT, SINCE WE CAN'T
PREDICT OR CONTROL EVENTS 500 OR 1,000 YEARS IN THE FUTURE. ╘HOSE PROBLEMS
MUST BE DEALT WITH BY THE PEOPLE WHO WILL LIVE AT THAT TIME.


╙ECTION 26: ╘╚┼ ─┴╬╟┼╥ ╧╞ ╠┼╞╘╔╙═

213. ┬ECAUSE OF THEIR NEED FOR REBELLION AND FOR MEMBERSHIP IN A MOVEMENT,
LEFTISTS OR PERSONS OF SIMILAR PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPE ARE OFTEN ATTRACTED TO
A REBELLIOUS OR ACTIVIST MOVEMENT WHOSE GOALS AND MEMBERSHIP ARE NOT
INITIALLY LEFTIST. ╘HE RESULTING INFLUX OF LEFTISH TYPES CAN EASILY TURN
A NON-LEFTIST MOVEMENT INTO A LEFTIST ONE, SO THAT LEFTIST GOALS REPLACE
OR DISTORT THE ORIGINAL GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT.

214. ╘O AVOID THIS, A MOVEMENT THAT EXALTS NATURE AND OPPOSES TECHNOLOGY
MUST TAKE A RESOLUTELY ANTI-LEFTIST STANCE AND MUST AVOID ALL
COLLABORATION WITH LEFTISTS. ╠EFTISM IS IN THE LONG RUN INCONSISTENT
WITH WILD NATURE, WITH HUMAN FREEDOM AND WITH THE ELIMINATION OF MODERN
TECHNOLOGY. ╠EFTISM IS COLLECTIVIST; IT SEEKS TO BIND TOGETHER THE ENTIRE
WORLD (BOTH NATURE AND THE HUMAN RACE) INTO A UNIFIED WHOLE. ┬UT THIS
IMPLIES MANAGEMENT OF NATURE AND OF HUMAN LIFE BY ORGANIZED SOCIETY,
AND IT REQUIRES ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY. ┘OU CAN'T HAVE A UNITED WORLD WITHOUT
RAPID TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION, YOU CAN'T MAKE ALL PEOPLE LOVE ONE
ANOTHER WITHOUT SOPHISTICATED PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES, YOU CAN'T HAVE A
"PLANNED SOCIETY" WITHOUT THE NECESSARY TECHNOLOGICAL BASE. ┴BOVE ALL,
LEFTISM IS DRIVEN BY THE NEED FOR POWER, AND THE LEFTIST SEEKS POWER ON A
COLLECTIVE BASIS, THROUGH IDENTIFICATION WITH A MASS MOVEMENT OR AN
ORGANIZATION. ╠EFTISM IS UNLIKELY EVER TO GIVE UP TECHNOLOGY, BECAUSE
TECHNOLOGY IS TOO VALUABLE A SOURCE OF COLLECTIVE POWER.

215. ╘HE ANARCHIST [34] TOO SEEKS POWER, BUT HE SEEKS IT ON AN INDIVIDUAL
OR SMALL-GROUP BASIS; HE WANTS INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL GROUPS TO BE ABLE TO
CONTROL THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THEIR OWN LIVES. ╚E OPPOSES TECHNOLOGY BECAUSE
IT MAKES SMALL GROUPS DEPENDENT ON LARGE ORGANIZATIONS.

216. ╙OME LEFTISTS MAY SEEM TO OPPOSE TECHNOLOGY, BUT THEY WILL OPPOSE
IT ONLY SO LONG AS THEY ARE OUTSIDERS AND THE TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM IS
CONTROLLED BY NON-LEFTISTS. ╔F LEFTISM EVER BECOMES DOMINANT IN SOCIETY,
SO THAT THE TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEM BECOMES A TOOL IN THE HANDS OF LEFTISTS,
THEY WILL ENTHUSIASTICALLY USE IT AND PROMOTE ITS GROWTH. ╔N DOING THIS
THEY WILL BE REPEATING A PATTERN THAT LEFTISM HAS SHOWN AGAIN AND AGAIN
IN THE PAST. ╫HEN THE ┬OLSHEVIKS IN ╥USSIA WERE OUTSIDERS, THEY VIGOROUSLY
OPPOSED CENSORSHIP AND THE SECRET POLICE, THEY ADVOCATED SELF-DETERMINATION
FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES, AND SO FORTH; BUT AS SOON AS THEY CAME INTO POWER
THEMSELVES, THEY IMPOSED A TIGHTER CENSORSHIP AND CREATED A MORE RUTHLESS
SECRET POLICE THAN ANY THAT HAD EXISTED UNDER THE ╘SARS, AND THEY OPPRESSED
ETHNIC MINORITIES AT LEAST AS MUCH AS THE ╘SARS HAD DONE. ╔N THE ╒NITED
╙TATES, A COUPLE OF DECADES AGO WHEN LEFTISTS WERE A MINORITY IN OUR
UNIVERSITIES, LEFTIST PROFESSORS WERE VIGOROUS PROPONENTS OF ACADEMIC
FREEDOM, BUT TODAY, IN THOSE UNIVERSITIES WHERE LEFTISTS HAVE BECOME
DOMINANT, THEY HAVE SHOWN THEMSELVES READY TO TAKE AWAY FROM EVERYONE
ELSE'S ACADEMIC FREEDOM. (╘HIS IS "POLITICAL CORRECTNESS".) ╘HE SAME WILL
HAPPEN WITH LEFTISTS AND TECHNOLOGY: ╘HEY WILL USE IT TO OPPRESS EVERYONE
ELSE IF THEY EVER GET IT UNDER THEIR OWN CONTROL.

217. ╔N EARLIER REVOLUTIONS, LEFTISTS OF THE MOST POWER-HUNGRY TYPE,
REPEATEDLY, HAVE FIRST COOPERATED WITH NON-LEFTIST REVOLUTIONARIES, AS
WELL AS WITH LEFTISTS OF A MORE LIBERTARIAN INCLINATION, AND LATER HAVE
DOUBLE-CROSSED THEM TO SEIZE POWER FOR THEMSELVES. ╥OBESPIERRE DID THIS
IN THE ╞RENCH ╥EVOLUTION, THE ┬OLSHEVIKS DID IT IN THE ╥USSIAN ╥EVOLUTION,
THE COMMUNISTS DID IT IN ╙PAIN IN 1938 AND ├ASTRO AND HIS FOLLOWERS DID
IT IN ├UBA. ╟IVEN THE PAST HISTORY OF LEFTISM, IT WOULD BE UTTERLY
FOOLISH FOR NON-LEFTIST REVOLUTIONARIES TODAY TO COLLABORATE WITH
LEFTISTS.

218. ╓ARIOUS THINKERS HAVE POINTED OUT THAT LEFTISM IS A KIND OF RELIGION.
╠EFTISM IS NOT A RELIGION IN THE STRICT SENSE BECAUSE LEFTIST DOCTRINE
DOES NOT POSTULATE THE EXISTENCE OF ANY SUPERNATURAL BEING. ┬UT FOR THE
LEFTIST, LEFTISM PLAYS A PSYCHOLOGICAL ROLE MUCH LIKE THAT WHICH RELIGION
PLAYS FOR SOME PEOPLE. ╘HE LEFTIST ╬┼┼─╙ TO BELIEVE IN LEFTISM; IT PLAYS
A VITAL ROLE IN HIS PSYCHOLOGICAL ECONOMY. ╚IS BELIEFS ARE NOT EASILY
MODIFIED BY LOGIC OR FACTS. ╚E HAS A DEEP CONVICTION THAT LEFTISM IS
MORALLY ╥IGHT WITH A CAPITAL ╥, AND THAT HE HAS NOT ONLY A RIGHT BUT A
DUTY TO IMPOSE LEFTIST MORALITY ON EVERYONE. (╚OWEVER, MANY OF THE PEOPLE
WE ARE REFERRING TO AS "LEFTISTS" DO NOT THINK OF THEMSELVES AS LEFTISTS
AND WOULD NOT DESCRIBE THEIR SYSTEM OF BELIEFS AS LEFTISM. ╫E USE THE TERM
"LEFTISM" BECAUSE WE DON'T KNOW OF ANY BETTER WORDS TO DESIGNATE THE SPECTRUM
OF RELATED CREEDS THAT INCLUDES THE FEMINIST, GAY RIGHTS, POLITICAL
CORRECTNESS, ETC., MOVEMENTS, AND BECAUSE THESE MOVEMENTS HAVE A STRONG
AFFINITY WITH THE OLD LEFT. ╙EE PARAGRAPHS 227-230.)

219. ╠EFTISM IS TOTALITARIAN FORCE. ╫HEREVER LEFTISM IS IN A POSITION OF
POWER IT TENDS TO INVADE EVERY PRIVATE CORNER AND FORCE EVERY THOUGHT INTO
A LEFTIST MOLD. ╔N PART THIS IS BECAUSE OF THE QUASI-RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF
LEFTISM; EVERYTHING CONTRARY TO LEFTISTS BELIEFS REPRESENTS ╙IN. ═ORE
IMPORTANTLY, LEFTISM IS A TOTALITARIAN FORCE BECAUSE OF THE LEFTISTS' DRIVE
FOR POWER. ╘HE LEFTIST SEEKS TO SATISFY HIS NEED FOR POWER THROUGH
IDENTIFICATION WITH A SOCIAL MOVEMENT AND HE TRIES TO GO THROUGH THE POWER
PROCESS BY HELPING TO PURSUE AND ATTAIN THE GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT (SEE
PARAGRAPH 083). ┬UT NO MATTER HOW FAR THE MOVEMENT HAS GONE IN ATTAINING
ITS GOALS THE LEFTIST IS NEVER SATISFIED, BECAUSE HIS ACTIVISM IS A
SURROGATE ACTIVITY (SEE PARAGRAPH 041). ╘HAT IS, THE LEFTIST'S REAL MOTIVE
IS NOT TO ATTAIN THE OSTENSIBLE GOALS OF LEFTISM; IN REALITY HE IS
MOTIVATED BY THE SENSE OF POWER HE GETS FROM STRUGGLING FOR AND THEN
REACHING A SOCIAL GOAL. [35] ├ONSEQUENTLY THE LEFTIST IS NEVER SATISFIED
WITH THE GOALS HE HAS ALREADY ATTAINED; HIS NEED FOR THE POWER PROCESS
LEADS HIM ALWAYS TO PURSUE SOME NEW GOAL. ╘HE LEFTIST WANTS EQUAL
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MINORITIES. ╫HEN THAT IS ATTAINED HE INSISTS ON
STATISTICAL EQUALITY OF ACHIEVEMENT BY MINORITIES. ┴ND AS LONG AS ANYONE
ARBORS IN SOME CORNER OF HIS MIND A NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD SOME MINORITY,
THE LEFTIST HAS TO RE-EDUCATED HIM. ┴ND ETHNIC MINORITIES ARE NOT ENOUGH;
NO ONE CAN BE ALLOWED TO HAVE A NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD HOMOSEXUALS,
DISABLED PEOPLE, FAT PEOPLE, OLD PEOPLE, UGLY PEOPLE, AND ON AND ON AND
ON. ╔T'S NOT ENOUGH THAT THE PUBLIC SHOULD BE INFORMED ABOUT THE HAZARDS
OF SMOKING; A WARNING HAS TO BE STAMPED ON EVERY PACKAGE OF CIGARETTES.
╘HEN CIGARETTE ADVERTISING HAS TO BE RESTRICTED IF NOT BANNED. ╘HE
ACTIVISTS WILL NEVER BE SATISFIED UNTIL TOBACCO IS OUTLAWED, AND AFTER
THAT IT WILL BE ALCOHOL THEN JUNK FOOD, ETC. ┴CTIVISTS HAVE FOUGHT GROSS
CHILD ABUSE, WHICH IS REASONABLE. ┬UT NOW THEY WANT TO STOP ALL SPANKING.
╫HEN THEY HAVE DONE THAT THEY WILL WANT TO BAN SOMETHING ELSE THEY CONSIDER
UNWHOLESOME, THEN ANOTHER THING AND THEN ANOTHER. ╘HEY WILL NEVER BE
SATISFIED UNTIL THEY HAVE COMPLETE CONTROL OVER ALL CHILD REARING
PRACTICES. ┴ND THEN THEY WILL MOVE ON TO ANOTHER CAUSE.

220. ╙UPPOSE YOU ASKED LEFTISTS TO MAKE A LIST OF ┴╠╠ THE THINGS THAT WERE
WRONG WITH SOCIETY, AND THEN SUPPOSE YOU INSTITUTED ┼╓┼╥┘ SOCIAL CHANGE
THAT THEY DEMANDED. ╔T IS SAFE TO SAY THAT WITHIN A COUPLE OF YEARS THE
MAJORITY OF LEFTISTS WOULD FIND SOMETHING NEW TO COMPLAIN ABOUT, SOME NEW
SOCIAL "EVIL" TO CORRECT BECAUSE, ONCE AGAIN, THE LEFTIST IS MOTIVATED
LESS BY DISTRESS AT SOCIETY'S ILLS THAN BY THE NEED TO SATISFY HIS DRIVE
FOR POWER BY IMPOSING HIS SOLUTIONS ON SOCIETY.

221. ┬ECAUSE OF THE RESTRICTIONS PLACED ON THEIR THOUGHTS AND BEHAVIOR
BY THEIR HIGH LEVEL OF SOCIALIZATION, MANY LEFTISTS OF THE OVER-SOCIALIZED
TYPE CANNOT PURSUE POWER IN THE WAYS THAT OTHER PEOPLE DO. ╞OR THEM THE
DRIVE FOR POWER HAS ONLY ONE MORALLY ACCEPTABLE OUTLET, AND THAT IS IN THE
STRUGGLE TO IMPOSE THEIR MORALITY ON EVERYONE.

222. ╠EFTISTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE OF THE OVERSOCIALIZED TYPE, ARE ╘RUE
┬ELIEVERS IN THE SENSE OF ┼RIC ╚OFFER'S BOOK, "╘HE ╘RUE ┬ELIEVER". ┬UT
NOT ALL ╘RUE ┬ELIEVERS ARE OF THE SAME PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPE AS LEFTISTS.
╨RESUMABLY A TRUEBELIEVING NAZI, FOR INSTANCE IS VERY DIFFERENT
PSYCHOLOGICALLY FROM A TRUEBELIEVING LEFTIST. ┬ECAUSE OF THEIR CAPACITY
FOR SINGLE-MINDED DEVOTION TO A CAUSE, ╘RUE ┬ELIEVERS ARE A USEFUL,
PERHAPS A NECESSARY, INGREDIENT OF ANY REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT. ╘HIS
PRESENTS A PROBLEM WITH WHICH WE MUST ADMIT WE DON'T KNOW HOW TO DEAL. ╫E
AREN'T SURE HOW TO HARNESS THE ENERGIES OF THE ╘RUE ┬ELIEVER TO A
REVOLUTION AGAINST TECHNOLOGY. ┴T PRESENT ALL WE CAN SAY IS THAT NO ╘RUE
┬ELIEVER WILL MAKE A SAFE RECRUIT TO THE REVOLUTION UNLESS HIS COMMITMENT
IS EXCLUSIVELY TO THE DESTRUCTION OF TECHNOLOGY. ╔F HE IS COMMITTED ALSO
TO ANOTHER IDEAL, HE MAY WANT TO USE TECHNOLOGY AS A TOOL FOR PURSUING
THAT OTHER IDEAL (SEE PARAGRAPHS 220, 221).

223. ╙OME READERS MAY SAY, "╘HIS STUFF ABOUT LEFTISM IS A LOT OF CRAP. ╔
KNOW ╩OHN AND ╩ANE WHO ARE LEFTISH TYPES AND THEY DON'T HAVE ALL THESE
TOTALITARIAN TENDENCIES". ╔T'S QUITE TRUE THAT MANY LEFTISTS, POSSIBLY
EVEN A NUMERICAL MAJORITY, ARE DECENT PEOPLE WHO SINCERELY BELIEVE IN
TOLERATING OTHERS' VALUES (UP TO A POINT) AND WOULDN'T WANT TO USE
HIGH-HANDED METHODS TO REACH THEIR SOCIAL GOALS. ╧UR REMARKS ABOUT LEFTISM
ARE NOT MEANT TO APPLY TO EVERY INDIVIDUAL LEFTIST BUT TO DESCRIBE THE
GENERAL CHARACTER OF LEFTISM AS A MOVEMENT. ┴ND THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF
A MOVEMENT IS NOT NECESSARILY DETERMINED BY THE NUMERICAL PROPORTIONS OF
THE VARIOUS KINDS OF PEOPLE INVOLVED IN THE MOVEMENT.

224. ╘HE PEOPLE WHO RISE TO POSITIONS OF POWER IN LEFTIST MOVEMENTS TEND
TO BE LEFTISTS OF THE MOST POWER-HUNGRY TYPE BECAUSE POWER-HUNGRY PEOPLE
ARE THOSE WHO STRIVE HARDEST TO GET INTO POSITIONS OF POWER. ╧NCE THE
POWER-HUNGRY TYPES HAVE CAPTURED CONTROL OF THE MOVEMENT, THERE ARE MANY
LEFTISTS OF A GENTLER BREED WHO INWARDLY DISAPPROVE OF MANY OF THE ACTIONS
OF THE LEADERS, BUT CANNOT BRING THEMSELVES TO OPPOSE THEM. ╘HEY ╬┼┼─ THEIR
FAITH IN THE MOVEMENT, AND BECAUSE THEY CANNOT GIVE UP THIS FAITH THEY GO
ALONG WITH THE LEADERS. ╘RUE, ╙╧═┼ LEFTISTS DO HAVE THE GUTS TO OPPOSE THE
TOTALITARIAN TENDENCIES THAT EMERGE, BUT THEY GENERALLY LOSE, BECAUSE THE
POWER-HUNGRY TYPES ARE BETTER ORGANIZED, ARE MORE RUTHLESS AND ═ACHIAVELLIAN
AND HAVE TAKEN CARE TO BUILD THEMSELVES A STRONG POWER BASE.

225. ╘HESE PHENOMENA APPEARED CLEARLY IN ╥USSIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES THAT
WERE TAKEN OVER BY LEFTISTS. ╙IMILARLY, BEFORE THE BREAKDOWN OF COMMUNISM
IN THE ╒╙╙╥, LEFTISH TYPES IN THE ╫EST WOULD SELDOM CRITICIZE THAT COUNTRY.
╔F PRODDED THEY WOULD ADMIT THAT THE ╒╙╙╥ DID MANY WRONG THINGS, BUT THEN
THEY WOULD TRY TO FIND EXCUSES FOR THE COMMUNISTS AND BEGIN TALKING ABOUT
THE FAULTS OF THE ╫EST. ╘HEY ALWAYS OPPOSED ╫ESTERN MILITARY RESISTANCE TO
COMMUNIST AGGRESSION. ╠EFTISH TYPES ALL OVER THE WORLD VIGOROUSLY PROTESTED
THE ╒.╙. MILITARY ACTION IN ╓IETNAM, BUT WHEN THE ╒╙╙╥ INVADED ┴FGHANISTAN
THEY DID NOTHING. ╬OT THAT THEY APPROVED OF THE ╙OVIET ACTIONS; BUT BECAUSE
OF THEIR LEFTIST FAITH, THEY JUST COULDN'T BEAR TO PUT THEMSELVES IN
OPPOSITION TO COMMUNISM. ╘ODAY, IN THOSE OF OUR UNIVERSITIES WHERE
"POLITICAL CORRECTNESS" HAS BECOME DOMINANT, THERE ARE PROBABLY MANY LEFTIST
TYPES WHO PRIVATELY DISAPPROVE OF THE SUPPRESSION OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM, BUT
THEY GO ALONG WITH IT ANYWAY.

226. ╘HUS THE FACT THAT MANY INDIVIDUAL LEFTISTS ARE PERSONALLY MILD AND
FAIRLY TOLERANT PEOPLE BY NO MEANS PREVENTS LEFTISM AS A WHOLE FORM HAVING
A TOTALITARIAN TENDENCY.

227. ╧UR DISCUSSION OF LEFTISM HAS A SERIOUS WEAKNESS. ╔T IS STILL FAR FROM
CLEAR WHAT WE MEAN BY THE WORD "LEFTIST". ╘HERE DOESN'T SEEM TO BE MUCH WE
CAN DO ABOUT THIS. ╘ODAY LEFTISM IS FRAGMENTED INTO A WHOLE SPECTRUM OF
ACTIVIST MOVEMENTS. ┘ET NOT ALL ACTIVIST MOVEMENTS ARE LEFTIST, AND SOME
ACTIVIST MOVEMENTS (E.G.., RADICAL ENVIRONMENTALISM) SEEM TO INCLUDE BOTH
PERSONALITIES OF THE LEFTIST TYPE AND PERSONALITIES OF THOROUGHLY UN-LEFTIST
TYPES WHO OUGHT TO KNOW BETTER THAN TO COLLABORATE WITH LEFTISTS. ╓ARIETIES
OF LEFTISTS FADE OUT GRADUALLY INTO VARIETIES OF NON-LEFTISTS AND WE
OURSELVES WOULD OFTEN BE HARD-PRESSED TO DECIDE WHETHER A GIVEN INDIVIDUAL
IS OR IS NOT A LEFTIST. ╘O THE EXTENT THAT IT IS DEFINED AT ALL, OUR
CONCEPTION OF LEFTISM IS DEFINED BY THE DISCUSSION OF IT THAT WE HAVE GIVEN
IN THIS ARTICLE, AND WE CAN ONLY ADVISE THE READER TO USE HIS OWN JUDGMENT
IN DECIDING WHO IS A LEFTIST.

228. ┬UT IT WILL BE HELPFUL TO LIST SOME CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSING LEFTISM.
╘HESE CRITERIA CANNOT BE APPLIED IN A CUT AND DRIED MANNER. ╙OME INDIVIDUALS
MAY MEET SOME OF THE CRITERIA WITHOUT BEING LEFTISTS, SOME LEFTISTS MAY NOT
MEET ANY OF THE CRITERIA. ┴GAIN, YOU JUST HAVE TO USE YOUR JUDGMENT.

229. ╘HE LEFTIST IS ORIENTED TOWARD LARGE SCALE COLLECTIVISM. ╚E EMPHASIZES
THE DUTY OF THE INDIVIDUAL TO SERVE SOCIETY AND THE DUTY OF SOCIETY TO
TAKE CARE OF THE INDIVIDUAL. ╚E HAS A NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD
INDIVIDUALISM. ╚E OFTEN TAKES A MORALISTIC TONE. ╚E TENDS TO BE FOR GUN
CONTROL, FOR SEX EDUCATION AND OTHER PSYCHOLOGICALLY "ENLIGHTENED"
EDUCATIONAL METHODS, FOR PLANNING, FOR AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, FOR
MULTICULTURALISM. ╚E TENDS TO IDENTIFY WITH VICTIMS. ╚E TENDS TO BE AGAINST
COMPETITION AND AGAINST VIOLENCE, BUT HE OFTEN FINDS EXCUSES FOR THOSE
LEFTISTS WHO DO COMMIT VIOLENCE. ╚E IS FOND OF USING THE COMMON
CATCH-PHRASES OF THE LEFT LIKE "RACISM", "SEXISM", "HOMOPHOBIA",
"CAPITALISM", "IMPERIALISM", "NEOCOLONIALISM", "GENOCIDE", "SOCIAL
CHANGE", "SOCIAL JUSTICE", "SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY". ═AYBE THE BEST
DIAGNOSTIC TRAIT OF THE LEFTIST IS HIS TENDENCY TO SYMPATHIZE WITH THE
FOLLOWING MOVEMENTS: FEMINISM, GAY RIGHTS, ETHNIC RIGHTS, DISABILITY RIGHTS,
ANIMAL RIGHTS POLITICAL CORRECTNESS. ┴NYONE WHO STRONGLY SYMPATHIZES WITH
┴╠╠ OF THESE MOVEMENTS IS ALMOST CERTAINLY A LEFTIST. [36]

230. ╘HE MORE DANGEROUS LEFTISTS, THAT IS, THOSE WHO ARE MOST
POWER-HUNGRY, ARE OFTEN CHARACTERIZED BY ARROGANCE OR BY A DOGMATIC
APPROACH TO IDEOLOGY. ╚OWEVER, THE MOST DANGEROUS LEFTISTS OF ALL MAY BE
CERTAIN OVERSOCIALIZED TYPES WHO AVOID IRRITATING DISPLAYS OF
AGGRESSIVENESS AND REFRAIN FROM ADVERTISING THEIR LEFTISM, BUT WORK
QUIETLY AND UNOBTRUSIVELY TO PROMOTE COLLECTIVIST VALUES, "ENLIGHTENED"
PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR SOCIALIZING CHILDREN, DEPENDENCE OF THE
INDIVIDUAL ON THE SYSTEM, AND SO FORTH. ╘HESE CRYPTO-LEFTISTS (AS WE MAY
CALL THEM) APPROXIMATE CERTAIN BOURGEOIS TYPES AS FAR AS PRACTICAL ACTION
IS CONCERNED, BUT DIFFER FROM THEM IN PSYCHOLOGY, IDEOLOGY AND MOTIVATION.
╘HE ORDINARY BOURGEOIS TRIES TO BRING PEOPLE UNDER CONTROL OF THE SYSTEM
IN ORDER TO PROTECT HIS WAY OF LIFE, OR HE DOES SO SIMPLY BECAUSE HIS
ATTITUDES ARE CONVENTIONAL. ╘HE CRYPTO-LEFTIST TRIES TO BRING PEOPLE UNDER
CONTROL OF THE SYSTEM BECAUSE HE IS A ╘RUE ┬ELIEVER IN A COLLECTIVISTIC
IDEOLOGY. ╘HE CRYPTO-LEFTIST IS DIFFERENTIATED FROM THE AVERAGE LEFTIST
OF THE OVERSOCIALIZED TYPE BY THE FACT THAT HIS REBELLIOUS IMPULSE IS
WEAKER AND HE IS MORE SECURELY SOCIALIZED. ╚E IS DIFFERENTIATED FROM THE
ORDINARY WELL-SOCIALIZED BOURGEOIS BY THE FACT THAT THERE IS SOME DEEP
LACK WITHIN HIM THAT MAKES IT NECESSARY FOR HIM TO DEVOTE HIMSELF TO A
CAUSE AND IMMERSE HIMSELF IN A COLLECTIVITY. ┴ND MAYBE HIS (WELL-SUBLIMATED)
DRIVE FOR POWER IS STRONGER THAN THAT OF THE AVERAGE BOURGEOIS.


╙ECTION 27: ╞╔╬┴╠ ╬╧╘┼

231. ╘HROUGHOUT THIS ARTICLE WE'VE MADE IMPRECISE STATEMENTS AND STATEMENTS
THAT OUGHT TO HAVE HAD ALL SORTS OF QUALIFICATIONS AND RESERVATIONS
ATTACHED TO THEM; AND SOME OF OUR STATEMENTS MAY BE FLATLY FALSE. ╠ACK OF
SUFFICIENT INFORMATION AND THE NEED FOR BREVITY MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR US
TO FOMULATE OUR ASSERTIONS MORE PRECISELY OR ADD ALL THE NECESSARY
QUALIFICATIONS. ┴ND OF COURSE IN A DISCUSSION OF THIS KIND ONE MUST RELY
HEAVILY ON INTUITIVE JUDGMENT, AND THAT CAN SOMETIMES BE WRONG. ╙O WE
DON'T CLAIM THAT THIS ARTICLE EXPRESSES MORE THAN A CRUDE APPROXIMATION
TO THE TRUTH.

232. ┴LL THE SAME WE ARE REASONABLY CONFIDENT THAT THE GENERAL OUTLINES
OF THE PICTURE WE HAVE PAINTED HERE ARE ROUGHLY CORRECT. ╫E HAVE PORTRAYED
LEFTISM IN ITS MODERN FORM AS A PHENOMENON PECULIAR TO OUR TIME AND AS A
SYMPTOM OF THE DISRUPTION OF THE POWER PROCESS. ┬UT WE MIGHT POSSIBLY BE
WRONG ABOUT THIS. ╧VERSOCIALIZED TYPES WHO TRY TO SATISFY THEIR DRIVE FOR
POWER BY IMPOSING THEIR MORALITY ON EVERYONE HAVE CERTAINLY BEEN AROUND
FOR A LONG TIME. ┬UT WE ╘╚╔╬╦ THAT THE DECISIVE ROLE PLAYED BY FEELINGS
OF INFERIORITY, LOW SELF-ESTEEM, POWERLESSNESS, IDENTIFICATION WITH
VICTIMS BY PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT THEMSELVES VICTIMS, IS A PECULIARITY OF
MODERN LEFTISM. ╔DENTIFICATION WITH VICTIMS BY PEOPLE NOT THEMSELVES
VICTIMS CAN BE SEEN TO SOME EXTENT IN 19TH CENTURY LEFTISM AND EARLY
├HRISTIANITY BUT AS FAR AS WE CAN MAKE OUT, SYMPTOMS OF LOW SELF-ESTEEM,
ETC., WERE NOT NEARLY SO EVIDENT IN THESE MOVEMENTS, OR IN ANY OTHER
MOVEMENTS, AS THEY ARE IN MODERN LEFTISM. ┬UT WE ARE NOT IN A POSITION TO
ASSERT CONFIDENTLY THAT NO SUCH MOVEMENTS HAVE EXISTED PRIOR TO MODERN
LEFTISM. ╘HIS IS A SIGNIFICANT QUESTION TO WHICH HISTORIANS OUGHT TO
GIVE THEIR ATTENTION.

╘╚┼ ┼╬─ -- ╞OOTNOTES ╔N ╠AST ╨ART.

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